Supreme Court decisions on scienter for First Amendment cases:

 United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 464, 130 L.Ed.2d 372 (1994) (citing Osborne, Ferber, Hamling, and Smith);

 Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 115 (1990) (citing Ferber);

 New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 765 (1982) (citing Hamling and Smith);

 Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 119-24 (1974) (citing Ginsberg and Mishkin);

 Ginsberg v. New York, 390 U.S. 629, 643-45 (1968)

(citing Mishkin and Smith);

 Mishkin v. New York, 383 U.S. 502, 510-12 (1966) (citing Smith);

 Smith v. California, 361 U.S. 147, 153-54 (1959) (citing the First Amendment and the common law).

See: United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 464, 130 L.Ed.2d 372 (1994), reversing United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., 982 F.2d 1285 (9th Cir. 1992), reh. denied & mandate stayed 7-9-93.

See also: Chambers v. U.S., 22 F.3d 939 (9th Cir. 1994).

 Post-9th Circuit appeals decisions upholding 2252 with scienter:

 United States v. Gendron, 18 F.3d 955 (1st Cir. 1994) (Feb. 28);

 United States v. Gifford, 17 F.3d 462 (1st Cir. 1994) (Feb. 24);

 United States v. Colavito, 19 F.3d 69 (2d Cir. 1994) (Jan. 24) (as amended and reported, Mar. 10, 1994);

 United States v. Cochran, 17 F.3d 56 (3rd Cir. 1994) (Feb. 2);

 United States v. Burian, 19 F.3d 188 (5th Cir. 1994) (Apr. 7);

 United States v. Schmeltzer, 20 F.3d 610 (5th Cir. 1994)(Apr. 28);

 United States v. Brown, 25 F.3d 307 (6th Cir. 1994) (May 26);

 United States v. Prytz, No. 94-5006, 35 F.3d 557 (Table of Unpublished Dispositions), 1994 WL 477831 (4th Cir. Sept. 6, 1994);

 United States v. Knox, 32 F.3d 733 (3^rd Cir. 1994);

 United States v. Kimbrough, 69 F.3d 723 (5^th Cir. 1995).

 Post-9th Circuit district decisions applying 2252 with scienter element:

 United States v. Long, 831 F.Supp. 582, 586 (W.D. Ky. 1993);

 United States v. Kempton, 826 F.Supp. 386, 388-89 (D. Kan. 1993);

 United States v. Prytz, 822 F.Supp. 311, 32-21 (D. S.C. 1993);

 United States v. Edwards, No. 92 CR 884 (N.D. Ill., E.D., Nov. 4, 1993)(unreported)(1993 WL 453461).

 Pre-9th Circuit appeals decisions applying, and concluding or construing, 2252 as including scienter element that material is "child pornography":

Rodriguez v. Clark Color Lab., Inc., 921 F.2d 347, 349 (1st Cir. 1990); United States v. Petrov, 747 F.2d 824, 828-29 (2nd Cir. 1984);

 United States v. Brown, 862 F.2d 1033, 1036 (3rd Cir. 1988);

 United States v. Osborne, 935 F.2d 32, 34 n. 2 (4th Cir. 1991);

 United States v. Marchant, 803 F.2d 174, 176-77 (5th Cir. 1986);

 United States v. Johnson, 855 F.2d 299, 306 (6th Cir. 1988);

 United States v. Duncan, 896 F.2d 271, 278 (7th Cir. 1990);

 United States v. LaChapelle, 969 F.2d 632, 638 (8th Cir. 1992);

 United States v. Hale, 784 F.2d 1465, 1471 (9th Cir. 1986);

 United States v. Garot, 801 F.2d 1241, 1246-47 (10th Cir. 1986).